Rename classtoi to classtoi-heavy; replace with new classtoi

CHANGELOG

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+classtoi: more features than class-toi light; everything is just as fast except class creation.
+1.0.0:
+	- Initial version.
+
+classtoi-light: only the minimum features.
+1.0.0:
+	- Initial version.
+
+classtoi-heavy: all the features and the slowness, not recommended anymore.
 0.1.4:
 	- :new non-nil custom returns values now replace the usual returned instance
 	- Custom inherited __index metamethods are now called on the correct class instead of the class it is defined in.

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright 2019 Étienne "Reuh" Fildadut
+Copyright 2024 Étienne "Reuh" Fildadut
 
 Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 

classtoi-heavy.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+--- Reuh's class library version 0.1.4. Lua 5.1-5.3 and LuaJit compatible.
+-- Objects and classes behavior are identical, so you can consider this to be somewhat prototype-based.
+-- Features:
+-- * Multiple inheritance with class(parents...) or someclass(newstuff...)
+-- * Every metamethods supported
+-- * Everything in a class can be redefined (and will be usable in an object) (except __super)
+-- * Preserve parents metamethods if already set
+-- * Instanciate with class:new(...)
+-- * Test inheritance relations with class/object.is(thing, isThis)
+-- * Call object:new(...) on instanciation
+-- * If object:new(...) returns non-nil values, they will be returned instead of the instance
+-- * Call class.__inherit(class, inheritingClass) when creating a class inheriting the previous class. If class.__inherit returns a value, it will
+--   be used as the parent table instead of class, allowing some pretty fancy behavior (it's like an inheritance metamethod).
+-- * Implements Class Commons
+-- * I don't like to do this, but you can redefine every field and metamethod after class creation (except __index and __super).
+-- Not features / Things you may want to know:
+-- * Will set the metatable of all parent classes/tables if no metatable is set (the table will be its own metatable).
+-- * You can't redefine __super (any __super you define will be only avaible by searching in the default __super contents).
+-- * Redefining __super or __index after class creation will break everything (though it should be ok with new, is, __call and everything else).
+-- * When creating a new class, the methods new, is, __call, __index and __super will always be redefined, so trying to get theses fields
+--   will return the default method and not the one you've defined. However, theses defaults will be replaced by yours automatically on instanciation,
+--   except __super and __index, but __index should call your __index and act like you expect. __super will however always be the default one
+--   and doesn't proxy in any way yours.
+-- * __index metamethods will be called with an extra third argument, which is the current class being searched in the inheritance tree.
+--   You can safely ignore it.
+--
+-- Please also note that the last universal ancestor of the classes (defined here in BaseClass) sets the default __tostring method
+-- and __name attribute for nice class-name-printing. Unlike the previoulsy described attributes and methods however, it is done in a normal
+-- inheritance-way and can be rewritten without any problem (rewritting __name is especially useful to easily identify your classes).
+
+-- Lua versions compatibility
+local unpack = table.unpack or unpack
+
+--- All Lua 5.3 metamethods.
+local metamethods = {
+	"__add", "__sub", "__mul", "__div", "__mod", "__pow", "__unm", "__idiv",
+	"__band", "__bor", "__bxor", "__bnot", "__shl", "__shr", "__tostring",
+	"__concat", "__len", "__eq", "__lt", "__le", "__index", "__newindex", "__call", "__gc"
+}
+
+local different --- When set, every class __index method will only return a value different from this one.
+--- When using a proxied method, contains the last indexed class.
+-- This is used for class.is(object); lastIndex will contain class so the is method can react accordingly, without having to be
+-- re-set for each class (and therefore doesn't break the "different" mecanism).
+local lastIndexed
+local makeclass, methods, BaseClass
+
+--- Classes defaults methods: will be re-set on each class creation.
+-- If you overwrite them, you will only be able to call them from an object.
+-- Methods starting with a "!" are "proxied methods": they're not present in the class table and will only be called through __index,
+-- allowing more control over it (for example having access to lastIndexed).
+methods = {
+	--- Create an object from the class.
+	-- In pratise, this only subclass the class and call the new method on it, so technically an object is a class.
+	-- Objects are exaclty like classes, but the __call metamethod will be replaced by one found in the parents,
+	-- or nil if doesn't exist (so an object is not directly subclassable).
+	-- (If no __call method is defined in a parent, you won't be able to call the object, but obj.__call will still
+	-- returns the default (subclassing) method, from one of the parents classes.)
+	-- The same happens with :new and :is, but since they're not metamethods, if not defined in a parent you won't
+	-- notice any difference.
+	-- TL;DR (since I think I'm not really clear): you can redefine __call, :new and :is in parents and use them in objects only.
+	-- A new object will only be created if calling the method "class:new(...)", if you call for example "class.new(someTable, ...)", it
+	-- will only execute the constructor defined in the class on someTable. This can be used to execute the parent constructor in a child
+	-- object, for example.
+	-- It should also be noted that if the new method returns non-nil value(s), they will be returned instead of the object.
+	["!new"] = function(self, ...)
+		if lastIndexed == self then
+			local obj, ret = self(), nil
+			-- Setting class methods to the ones found in parents (we use rawset in order to avoid calling the __newindex metamethod)
+			different = methods["!new"]  rawset(obj, "new", obj:__index("new") or nil)
+			different = methods["!is"]   rawset(obj, "is", obj:__index("is") or nil)
+			different = methods.__call   rawset(obj, "__call", obj:__index("__call") or nil)
+			different = nil
+			-- Call constructor
+			if obj.new ~= methods["!new"] and type(obj.new) == "function" then ret = { obj:new(...) } end
+			if not ret or #ret == 0 then
+				return obj
+			else
+				return unpack(ret)
+			end
+		else
+			different = methods["!new"]
+			local new = lastIndexed:__index("new") or nil
+			different = nil
+			return new(self, ...)
+		end
+	end,
+	--- Returns true if self is other or a subclass of other.
+	-- If other is nil, will return true if self is a subclass of the class who called this method.
+	-- Examples:
+	-- class.is(a) will return true if a is any class or object
+	-- (class()):is(class) will return true ((class()) is a subclass of class)
+	-- (class()).is(class) will return false (class isn't a subclass of (class()))
+	["!is"] = function(self, other)
+		if type(self) ~= "table" then return false end
+		if other == nil then other = lastIndexed end
+		if self == other then return true end
+		for _, t in ipairs(self.__super) do
+			if t == other then return true end
+			if t.is == methods["!is"] and t:is(other) then return true end
+		end
+		return false
+	end,
+	--- Subclass the class: will create a class inheriting self and ... (... will have priority over self).
+	__call = function(self, ...)
+		local t = {...}
+		table.insert(t, self)
+		return makeclass(unpack(t))
+	end,
+	--- Internal value getting; this follows a precise search order.
+	-- For example: class(Base1, Base2){stuff}
+	-- When getting a value from the class, it will be first searched in stuff, then in Base1, then in all Base1 parents,
+	-- then in Base2, then in Base2 parents.
+	-- A way to describe this will be search in the latest added tables (from the farthest child to the first parents), from left-to-right.
+	-- self always refer to the initial table the metamethod was called on, super refers to the class currently being searched for a value.
+	__index = function(self, k, super)
+		local proxied = methods["!"..tostring(k)]
+		if proxied ~= nil and proxied ~= different then -- proxied methods
+			lastIndexed = self
+			return proxied
+		end
+		for _, t in ipairs((super or self).__super) do -- search in super (will follow __index metamethods)
+			local val = rawget(t, k)
+			if val ~= nil and val ~= different then return val end
+			-- Also covers the case when different search is enabled and the raw t[k] returns an identical value, so the __index metamethod search will be tried for another value.
+			if getmetatable(t) and getmetatable(t).__index then
+				val = getmetatable(t).__index(self, k, t)
+				if val ~= nil and val ~= different then return val end
+			end
+		end
+	end
+}
+
+--- Create a new class width parents ... (left-to-right priority).
+function makeclass(...)
+	local class = {
+		__super = {} -- parent classes/tables list
+	}
+	for k, v in pairs(methods) do -- copy class methods
+		if k:sub(1, 1) ~= "!" then class[k] = v end -- except proxied methods
+	end
+	setmetatable(class, class)
+	for _, t in ipairs({...}) do -- fill super
+		if getmetatable(t) == nil then setmetatable(t, t) end -- auto-metatable the table
+		if type(t.__inherit) == "function" then t = t:__inherit(class) or t end -- call __inherit callback
+		table.insert(class.__super, t)
+	end
+	-- Metamethods query are always raw and thefore don't follow our __index, so we need to manually define thoses.
+	for _, metamethod in ipairs(metamethods) do
+		local inSuper = class:__index(metamethod)
+		if inSuper and rawget(class, metamethod) == nil then
+			rawset(class, metamethod, inSuper)
+		end
+	end
+	return class
+end
+
+--- The class which will be a parents for all the other classes.
+-- We add some pretty-printing default in here. We temporarly remove the metatable in order to avoid a stack overflow.
+BaseClass = makeclass {
+	__name = "class",
+	__tostring = function(self)
+		local mt, name = getmetatable(self), self.__name
+		setmetatable(self, nil)
+		local str = ("%s (%s)"):format(tostring(name), tostring(self))
+		setmetatable(self, mt)
+		return str
+	end
+}
+
+--- Class Commons implementation.
+-- https://github.com/bartbes/Class-Commons
+if common_class and not common then
+	common = {}
+	-- class = common.class(name, table, parents...)
+	function common.class(name, table, ...)
+		return BaseClass(table, ...){ __name = name, new = table.init }
+	end
+	-- instance = common.instance(class, ...)
+	function common.instance(class, ...)
+		return class:new(...)
+	end
+end
+
+return BaseClass

classtoi.lua

@@ -1,185 +1,169 @@
---- Reuh's class library version 0.1.4. Lua 5.1-5.3 and LuaJit compatible.
+--- classtoi v2: finding a sweet spot between classtoi-light and classtoi-heavy
--- Objects and classes behavior are identical, so you can consider this to be somewhat prototype-based.
+-- aka getlost v2
--- Features:
--- * Multiple inheritance with class(parents...) or someclass(newstuff...)
--- * Every metamethods supported
--- * Everything in a class can be redefined (and will be usable in an object) (except __super)
--- * Preserve parents metamethods if already set
--- * Instanciate with class:new(...)
--- * Test inheritance relations with class/object.is(thing, isThis)
--- * Call object:new(...) on instanciation
--- * If object:new(...) returns non-nil values, they will be returned instead of the instance
--- * Call class.__inherit(class, inheritingClass) when creating a class inheriting the previous class. If class.__inherit returns a value, it will
---   be used as the parent table instead of class, allowing some pretty fancy behavior (it's like an inheritance metamethod).
--- * Implements Class Commons
--- * I don't like to do this, but you can redefine every field and metamethod after class creation (except __index and __super).
--- Not features / Things you may want to know:
--- * Will set the metatable of all parent classes/tables if no metatable is set (the table will be its own metatable).
--- * You can't redefine __super (any __super you define will be only avaible by searching in the default __super contents).
--- * Redefining __super or __index after class creation will break everything (though it should be ok with new, is, __call and everything else).
--- * When creating a new class, the methods new, is, __call, __index and __super will always be redefined, so trying to get theses fields
---   will return the default method and not the one you've defined. However, theses defaults will be replaced by yours automatically on instanciation,
---   except __super and __index, but __index should call your __index and act like you expect. __super will however always be the default one
---   and doesn't proxy in any way yours.
--- * __index metamethods will be called with an extra third argument, which is the current class being searched in the inheritance tree.
---   You can safely ignore it.
 --
--- Please also note that the last universal ancestor of the classes (defined here in BaseClass) sets the default __tostring method
+-- usage:
--- and __name attribute for nice class-name-printing. Unlike the previoulsy described attributes and methods however, it is done in a normal
+--
--- inheritance-way and can be rewritten without any problem (rewritting __name is especially useful to easily identify your classes).
+-- local class = require("class")
+-- local Vehicle = class {
+-- 	type = "vehicle", -- class name, optional
+--
+-- 	stability_threshold = 3, -- class variable, also availabe in instances
+-- 	wheel_count = nil, -- doesn't do anything, but i like to keep track of variables that will need to be defined later in a subclass or a constructor
+--
+-- 	init = false, -- abstract class, can't be instanciated
+--
+-- 	is_stable = function(self) -- method, available both in class and instances
+-- 		return self.wheel_count > self.stability_threshold
+-- 	end
+-- }
+--
+-- local Car = Vehicle { -- subclassing by calling the parent class; multiple inheritance possible by either chaining calls or passing several tables as arguments
+-- 	type = "car",
+-- 	wheel_count = 4,
+-- 	color = nil,
+-- 	init = function(self, color) -- constructor
+-- 		self.color = color
+-- 	end
+-- }
+-- local car = Car:new("red") -- instancing
+-- print(car:is_stable(), car.color) -- true, "red"
+--
+-- the default class returned by require("class") contains a few other default methods that will be inherited by all subclasses
+-- see line 99 and further for details & documentation
+--
+-- design philosophy:
+-- do not add feature until we need it
+-- what we want to be fast: instance creation, class & instance method call & property acces
+-- do not care: class creation
+--
+-- and if you're wondering, no i'm not using either classtoi-heavy nor classtoi-light in any current project anymore.
 
--- Lua versions compatibility
+--# helper functions #--
-local unpack = table.unpack or unpack
 
---- All Lua 5.3 metamethods.
+-- tostring that ignore __tostring methamethod
-local metamethods = {
+local function rawtostring(v)
-	"__add", "__sub", "__mul", "__div", "__mod", "__pow", "__unm", "__idiv",
+	local mt = getmetatable(v)
-	"__band", "__bor", "__bxor", "__bnot", "__shl", "__shr", "__tostring",
+	setmetatable(v, nil)
-	"__concat", "__len", "__eq", "__lt", "__le", "__index", "__newindex", "__call", "__gc"
+	local str = tostring(v)
-}
+	setmetatable(v, mt)
-
-local different --- When set, every class __index method will only return a value different from this one.
---- When using a proxied method, contains the last indexed class.
--- This is used for class.is(object); lastIndex will contain class so the is method can react accordingly, without having to be
--- re-set for each class (and therefore doesn't break the "different" mecanism).
-local lastIndexed
-local makeclass, methods, BaseClass
-
---- Classes defaults methods: will be re-set on each class creation.
--- If you overwrite them, you will only be able to call them from an object.
--- Methods starting with a "!" are "proxied methods": they're not present in the class table and will only be called through __index,
--- allowing more control over it (for example having access to lastIndexed).
-methods = {
-	--- Create an object from the class.
-	-- In pratise, this only subclass the class and call the new method on it, so technically an object is a class.
-	-- Objects are exaclty like classes, but the __call metamethod will be replaced by one found in the parents,
-	-- or nil if doesn't exist (so an object is not directly subclassable).
-	-- (If no __call method is defined in a parent, you won't be able to call the object, but obj.__call will still
-	-- returns the default (subclassing) method, from one of the parents classes.)
-	-- The same happens with :new and :is, but since they're not metamethods, if not defined in a parent you won't
-	-- notice any difference.
-	-- TL;DR (since I think I'm not really clear): you can redefine __call, :new and :is in parents and use them in objects only.
-	-- A new object will only be created if calling the method "class:new(...)", if you call for example "class.new(someTable, ...)", it
-	-- will only execute the constructor defined in the class on someTable. This can be used to execute the parent constructor in a child
-	-- object, for example.
-	-- It should also be noted that if the new method returns non-nil value(s), they will be returned instead of the object.
-	["!new"] = function(self, ...)
-		if lastIndexed == self then
-			local obj, ret = self(), nil
-			-- Setting class methods to the ones found in parents (we use rawset in order to avoid calling the __newindex metamethod)
-			different = methods["!new"]  rawset(obj, "new", obj:__index("new") or nil)
-			different = methods["!is"]   rawset(obj, "is", obj:__index("is") or nil)
-			different = methods.__call   rawset(obj, "__call", obj:__index("__call") or nil)
-			different = nil
-			-- Call constructor
-			if obj.new ~= methods["!new"] and type(obj.new) == "function" then ret = { obj:new(...) } end
-			if not ret or #ret == 0 then
-				return obj
-			else
-				return unpack(ret)
-			end
-		else
-			different = methods["!new"]
-			local new = lastIndexed:__index("new") or nil
-			different = nil
-			return new(self, ...)
-		end
-	end,
-	--- Returns true if self is other or a subclass of other.
-	-- If other is nil, will return true if self is a subclass of the class who called this method.
-	-- Examples:
-	-- class.is(a) will return true if a is any class or object
-	-- (class()):is(class) will return true ((class()) is a subclass of class)
-	-- (class()).is(class) will return false (class isn't a subclass of (class()))
-	["!is"] = function(self, other)
-		if type(self) ~= "table" then return false end
-		if other == nil then other = lastIndexed end
-		if self == other then return true end
-		for _, t in ipairs(self.__super) do
-			if t == other then return true end
-			if t.is == methods["!is"] and t:is(other) then return true end
-		end
-		return false
-	end,
-	--- Subclass the class: will create a class inheriting self and ... (... will have priority over self).
-	__call = function(self, ...)
-		local t = {...}
-		table.insert(t, self)
-		return makeclass(unpack(t))
-	end,
-	--- Internal value getting; this follows a precise search order.
-	-- For example: class(Base1, Base2){stuff}
-	-- When getting a value from the class, it will be first searched in stuff, then in Base1, then in all Base1 parents,
-	-- then in Base2, then in Base2 parents.
-	-- A way to describe this will be search in the latest added tables (from the farthest child to the first parents), from left-to-right.
-	-- self always refer to the initial table the metamethod was called on, super refers to the class currently being searched for a value.
-	__index = function(self, k, super)
-		local proxied = methods["!"..tostring(k)]
-		if proxied ~= nil and proxied ~= different then -- proxied methods
-			lastIndexed = self
-			return proxied
-		end
-		for _, t in ipairs((super or self).__super) do -- search in super (will follow __index metamethods)
-			local val = rawget(t, k)
-			if val ~= nil and val ~= different then return val end
-			-- Also covers the case when different search is enabled and the raw t[k] returns an identical value, so the __index metamethod search will be tried for another value.
-			if getmetatable(t) and getmetatable(t).__index then
-				val = getmetatable(t).__index(self, k, t)
-				if val ~= nil and val ~= different then return val end
-			end
-		end
-	end
-}
-
---- Create a new class width parents ... (left-to-right priority).
-function makeclass(...)
-	local class = {
-		__super = {} -- parent classes/tables list
-	}
-	for k, v in pairs(methods) do -- copy class methods
-		if k:sub(1, 1) ~= "!" then class[k] = v end -- except proxied methods
-	end
-	setmetatable(class, class)
-	for _, t in ipairs({...}) do -- fill super
-		if getmetatable(t) == nil then setmetatable(t, t) end -- auto-metatable the table
-		if type(t.__inherit) == "function" then t = t:__inherit(class) or t end -- call __inherit callback
-		table.insert(class.__super, t)
-	end
-	-- Metamethods query are always raw and thefore don't follow our __index, so we need to manually define thoses.
-	for _, metamethod in ipairs(metamethods) do
-		local inSuper = class:__index(metamethod)
-		if inSuper and rawget(class, metamethod) == nil then
-			rawset(class, metamethod, inSuper)
-		end
-	end
-	return class
-end
-
---- The class which will be a parents for all the other classes.
--- We add some pretty-printing default in here. We temporarly remove the metatable in order to avoid a stack overflow.
-BaseClass = makeclass {
-	__name = "class",
-	__tostring = function(self)
-		local mt, name = getmetatable(self), self.__name
-		setmetatable(self, nil)
-		local str = ("%s (%s)"):format(tostring(name), tostring(self))
-		setmetatable(self, mt)
 	return str
 end
+
+-- deep table copy, preserve metatable
+local function copy(t, cache)
+	if cache == nil then cache = {} end
+	if cache[t] then return cache[t] end
+	local r = {}
+	cache[t] = r
+	for k, v in pairs(t) do
+		r[k] = type(v) == "table" and copy(v, cache) or v
+	end
+	return setmetatable(r, getmetatable(t))
+end
+
+-- add val to set
+local function add_to_set(set, val)
+	if not set[val] then
+		table.insert(set, val)
+		set[val] = true
+	end
+end
+
+--# class creation logic #--
+local new_class, class_mt
+
+new_class = function(...)
+	local class = {}
+	local include = {...}
+	for i=1, #include do
+		local parent = include[i]
+		parent = parent.__included ~= nil and parent:__included(class) or parent
+		for k, v in pairs(parent) do
+			class[k] = v
+		end
+	end
+	class.__index = class
+	setmetatable(class, class_mt)
+	return class.__created ~= nil and class:__created() or class
+end
+
+class_mt = {
+	__call = new_class,
+	__tostring = function(self)
+		local name = self.type and ("class %q"):format(self.type) or "class"
+		return rawtostring(self):gsub("^table", name)
+	end
 }
+class_mt.__index = class_mt
 
---- Class Commons implementation.
+--# base class and its contents #--
--- https://github.com/bartbes/Class-Commons
+-- feel free to redefine these as needed in your own classes; all of these are also optional and can be deleted.
-if common_class and not common then
+return new_class {
-	common = {}
+	--- instanciate. arguments are passed to the (eventual) constructor :init.
-	-- class = common.class(name, table, parents...)
+	-- behavior undefined when called on an object.
-	function common.class(name, table, ...)
+	-- set to false to make class non-instanciable (will give unhelpful error on instanciation attempt).
-		return BaseClass(table, ...){ __name = name, new = table.init }
+	-- obj = class:new(...)
+	new = function(self, ...)
+		local obj = setmetatable({}, self)
+		return obj.init ~= nil and obj:init(...) or obj
+	end,
+	--- constructor. arguments are passed from :new. if :init returns a value, it will be returned by :new instead of the self object.
+	-- set to false to make class abstract (will give unhelpful error on instanciation attempt), redefine in subclass to make non-abstract again.
+	-- init = function(self, ...) content... end
+	init = nil,
+	--- check if the object is an instance of this class.
+	-- class:is(obj)
+	-- obj:is(class)
+	is = function(self, other) -- class:is(obj)
+		if getmetatable(self) == class_mt then
+			return getmetatable(other) == self
+		else
+			return other:is(self)
 		end
-	-- instance = common.instance(class, ...)
+	end,
-	function common.instance(class, ...)
+	--- check if the object is an instance of this class or of a class that inherited this class.
-		return class:new(...)
+	-- parentclass:issub(obj)
+	-- parentclass:issub(class)
+	-- obj:issub(parentclass)
+	issub = function(self, other)
+		if getmetatable(self) == class_mt then
+			return other.__parents and other.__parents[self] or self:is(other)
+		else
+			return other:issub(self)
+		end
+	end,
+	--- check if self is a class
+	-- class:isclass()
+	isclass = function(self)
+		return getmetatable(self) == class_mt
+	end,
+	--- called when included in a new class. if it returns a value, it will be used as the included table instead of the self table.
+	-- default function tracks parent classes and is needed for :issub to work, and returns a deep copy of the included table.
+	__included = function(self, into)
+		-- add to parents
+		if not into.__parents then
+			into.__parents = {}
+		end
+		local __parents = self.__parents
+		if __parents then
+			for i=1, #__parents do
+				add_to_set(into.__parents, __parents[i])
 			end
 		end
-
+		add_to_set(into.__parents, self)
-return BaseClass
+		-- create copied table
+		local copied = copy(self)
+		copied.__parents = nil -- prevent __parents being overwritten
+		return copied
+	end,
+	-- automatically created by __included and needed for :issub to work
+	-- list and set of classes that are parents of this class: { parent_a, [parent_a] = true, parent_b, [parent_b] = true, ... }
+	__parents = nil,
+	--- called on the class when it is created. if it returns a value, it will be returned as the new class instead of the self class.
+	__created = nil,
+	--- pretty printing. type is used as the name of the class.
+	type = "object",
+	__tostring = function(self)
+		return rawtostring(self):gsub("^table", self.type)
+	end
+}

performance/performance.lua

@@ -1,14 +1,30 @@
-local class = dofile(arg[1] or "../classtoi.lua")
+-- can be used to compare different versions: lua performance/performance.lua classtoi-light.lua classtoi.lua classtoi-heavy.lua
 
-local function time(title, f)
+-- load libs to test
+if not arg[1] then arg[1] = "../classtoi.lua" end
+
+local totest = {}
+local referencesource = arg[1]
+for i=1, #arg do
+	totest[arg[i]] = dofile(arg[i])
+end
+
+-- setup results
+local results = {}
+local function time(source, title, f)
 	collectgarbage()
 	local start = os.clock()
 	for i=0, 5e4 do f() end
-	print(title, os.clock() - start)
+	local result = os.clock() - start
+
+	if not results[title] then results[title] = {} end
+	results[title][source] = result
 end
 
+-- perform benchmark
+for source, class in pairs(totest) do
 	do
-	time("class creation", function()
+		time(source, "class creation", function()
 			local A = class()
 		end)
 	end
@@ -16,7 +32,7 @@ end
 	do
 		local A = class()
 
-	time("instance creation", function()
+		time(source, "instance creation", function()
 			local a = A:new()
 		end)
 	end
@@ -30,11 +46,11 @@ do
 
 		local a = A:new()
 
-	time("instance method invocation", function()
+		time(source, "instance method invocation", function()
 			a:foo()
 		end)
 
-	time("class method invocation", function()
+		time(source, "class method invocation", function()
 			A:foo()
 		end)
 	end
@@ -50,11 +66,23 @@ do
 
 		local b = B:new()
 
-	time("inherited instance method invocation", function()
+		time(source, "inherited instance method invocation", function()
 			b:foo()
 		end)
 
-	time("inherited class method invocation", function()
+		time(source, "inherited class method invocation", function()
 			B:foo()
 		end)
 	end
+end
+
+-- display results
+for test, sources in pairs(results) do
+	print(test..":")
+	for i=1, #arg do
+		local source = arg[i]
+		local result = sources[source]
+		local ratio = math.floor(result/sources[referencesource]*1000)/1000
+		print(("\t%s: %ss (x%s)"):format(source, result, ratio))
+	end
+end

test/test.lua

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+-- note: this will test again the classtoi-heavy featureset only
+
 local T = require("knife-test")
 
 -- luacheck: ignore T
 T("Given the base class", function(T)
-	local class = dofile(arg[1] or "../classtoi.lua")
+	local class = dofile(arg[1] or "../classtoi-heavy.lua")
 
 	-- Inheritance
 	T("When subclassed with an attribute", function(T)