:x = {4} x={x} :a = {1,2,3,(x)=4} :c = a 1={a==c} a(x)={a(x)} § ch a a(x)={a(x)} § ch b ~ x(2) := 3 a(x)={a(x)} § ch c a(x)={a(x)} ~ x:={4} no={a(x)}